by Ted Gioia
Few literary figures are harder to pin down than Horace Walpole.
He was Earl of Oxford but went to Cambridge. He was a member
of Parliament representing Callington in Cornwall—but never
visited Callington. He might have been a womanizer, and he
might have been gay, or according to some, he was asexual.
He was a Whig, but how many Whigs are also Goths? Indeed,
Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto is
considered the first Gothic novel
and his home Strawberry Hill House
anticipated the later gothic revival
architecture style. He also was
an art historian, a publisher (he
installed a printing press in his
home), and invented the word
'serendipity'.
A strange resume, no? But the
strangest part of it all is a little
known literary work, entitled
Hieroglyphic Tales. Walpole
wrote these stories in 1766 and
1772, but waited until 1785 before
publishing them. Even then, he
only printed seven copies, including
proofs. One can hardly blame
Walpole for not circulating the book
more widely. The only surviving response from someone who saw
the work during his lifetime comes from Madame du Deffand, who
accused the author of being raving or delirious.
In another letter, Walpole explains that these tales were "written
while I was out of my senses." A present day reader perusing the
Hieroglyphic Tales will be reminded of Italo Calvino or Eugène
Ionesco and other exponents of absurdism, surrealism and outré
experimental literary movements of the 20th century. Yes, you might
conclude that the stories were written in the late Sixties and early
Seventies…but not of the eighteenth century.
Certainly some precedents exist for these tales—Walpole's
Hieroglyphic Tales will remind readers, to some extent, of various
colorful or extravagant works such as The Arabian Nights, The
Decameron, Gargantua and Pantagruel, Tristram Shandy or
Rasselas. But even these daring narratives seem controlled and
calculated compared to the unhinged, free-association style of
storytelling pursued by Walpole. Our author starts with a style
halfway between a fairy tale and those long-winded jokes known
as 'shaggy dog tales', but then he adds in contradictions,
absurdities, anachronisms, arcane references and every other
kind of distraction or obstacle.
Here’s a typical opening:
There was formerly a king who had three daughters—that is, he
would have had three, if he had had one more, but some how or
other the eldest never was born. She was extremely handsome,
had a great deal of wit, and spoke French in perfection, as all the
authors of that age affirm, and yet none of them pretend that she
ever existed....
Of course, a story of this sort requires a romantic interest—even for
a non-existent princess. In this instance, the suitor is the prince of
Quifferiquimini, who "would have been the most accomplished hero
of the age, if he had not been dead, and had spoken any language
but the Egyptian, and had not had three legs."
Thus, more than a century before Dracula and 220 years before
Twilight, Walpole casts an undead man as his romantic lead.
Unfortunately the Church intervenes in this courtship, deeming
that "a woman that never was, and a man that had been" were
first cousins under canon law, and thus unable to marry without
the dispensation of the Pope.
Marriage and miscegenation are a frequent theme of these
stories. We meet Mi Li, prince of China, who is told by his
fortune-telling fairy mother that “he would be the most unhappy
man alive unless he married a princess whose name was the same
as her father’s dominions.” He accepts this cryptic prognostication
and sets out for Ireland and England, where he aims to find a bride
who matches this description. The conclusion of Walpole's odd
story is more like the punchline to a silly joke. The same is true, but
with even more silliness, in Walpole's account of the romances
between the handsome Orondates of Milan and Azora, a lovely
African slave. "Afric never produced a female so perfect as Azora;
as Europe could boast of but one Orondates." I won’t spoil the
ending for you, but if you are expecting another Othello, you will
be sorely disappointed.
Again and again we encounter the familiar ingredients of myths
and folklore in these tales. Magic and prophecy, eccentric kings,
witches and devils, young lovers and interfering adults—the tried-
and-true memes of populist storytelling are the basic ingredients
here. But Walpole takes such liberties with the material that even
fantasy lit seems down-to-earth and predictable by comparison.
But don’t jump to the conclusion that these Hieroglyphic Tales are
all playfulness, without serious intent. Like many of the magical
realism novels of more recent years, Walpole believes that fanciful
stories can also incorporate elements of social satire and political
commentary. Some of the notes Walpole added to his copy of the
first edition indicate that he drew on real-life role models for many
of his fairy tale characters, and even the strangest passages—for
example, the above quoted church ruling on marriage between
the undead and the never existent—are meant to call attention to
incongruities and absurdities in real life.
I might be inclined to add that Walpole wanted to show "truth is
stranger than fiction.” But if that allegation is often correct, the
Hieroglyphic Tales are the counter example of fiction that pushes
so far beyond the plausible and realistic as to break free of their
gravitational pull. In his postscript to the book, Walpole notes that
"works of invention" are "almost always devoid of imagination." He
concludes, in the final sentence, that "there is infinitely more invention
in history, which has no merit if devoid of truth, than in romances and
novelty which pretend to none."
No one could make that accusation of his Hieroglyphic Tales.
Could Walpole have been any more daring in this work? Well, yes
he might have taken one more bold step…and distributed these
stories widely during his lifetime. Who can guess what the results
would have been? I suspect that, with more bravado on his part,
Horace Walpole might no longer be viewed today as a jack-of-all-
trades or the 'original goth'. Instead, his most lasting claim to fame
would be his extraordinary anticipation of many of the leading avant-
garde literary movements of modern times.
Ted Gioia writes on music, literature, and popular culture.
His newest book is The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire.

Click on image to purchase

Welcome to my year of magical
reading. Each week during the
course of 2012, I will explore an
important work of fiction that
incorporates elements of magic,
fantasy or the surreal. My choices
will cross conventional boundary
lines of genre, style and historical
period—indeed, one of my intentions
in this project is to show how the
conventional labels applied to these
works have become constraining,
deadening and misleading.
In its earliest days, storytelling almost
always partook of the magical. Only
in recent years have we segregated
works arising from this venerable
tradition into publishing industry
categories such as "magical realism"
or "paranormal" or "fantasy" or some
other 'genre' pigeonhole. These
labels are not without their value, but
too often they have blinded us to the
rich and multidimensional heritage
beyond category that these works
share.
This larger heritage is mimicked in
our individual lives: most of us first
experienced the joys of narrative
fiction through stories of myth and
magic, the fanciful and
phantasmagorical; but only a very
few retain into adulthood this sense
of the kind of enchantment possible
only through storytelling. As such,
revisiting this stream of fiction from a
mature, literate perspective both
broadens our horizons and allows us
to recapture some of that magic in
our imaginative lives.
The Year of Magical Reading:
Week 1: Midnight's Children by
Salman Rushdie
Week 2: The House of the Spirits by
Isabel Allende
Week 3: The Witches of Eastwick
by John Updike
Week 4: Magic for Beginners by
Kelly Link
Week 5: The Tin Drum by Günter
Grass
Week 6: The Golden Ass by
Apuleius
Week 7: The Tiger's Wife by Téa
Obreht
Week 8: One Hundred Years of
Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez
Week 9: The Book of Laughter and
Forgetting by Milan Kundera
Week 10: Gargantua and Pantagruel
by François Rabelais
Week 11: The Famished Road by
Ben Okri
Week 12: Like Water for Chocolate
by Laura Esquivel
Week 13: Winter's Tale by Mark
Helprin
Week 14: Dhalgren by Samuel R.
Delany
Week 15: Johnathan Strange & Mr.
Norrell by Susanna Clarke
Week 16: The Master and
Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov
Week 17: Dangerous Laughter by
Steven Millhauser
Week 18: Conjure Wife by Fritz
Leiber
Week 19: 1Q84 by Haruki Murakami
Week 20: The Hobbit by J.R.R.
Tolkien
Week 21: Aura by Carlos Fuentes
Week 22: Dr. Faustus by Thomas
Mann
Week 23: Orlando by Virginia Woolf
Week 24: Little, Big by John Crowley
Week 25: The White Hotel by D.M.
Thomas
Week 26: Neverwhere by Neil
Gaiman
Week 27: Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
Week 28: Fifth Business by
Robertson Davies
Week 29: The Kingdom of This
World by Alejo Carpentier
Week 30: The Bear Comes Home
by Rafi Zabor
Week 31: The Color of Magic by
Terry Pratchett
Week 32: Ficciones by Jorge Luis
Borges
Week 33: Beloved by Toni Morrison
Week 34: Dona Flor and Her Two
Husbands by Jorge Amado
Week 35: Hard-Boiled Wonderland
and the End of the World by Haruki
Murakami
Week 36: What Dreams May Come
by Richard Matheson
Week 37: Practical Magic by Alice
Hoffman
Week 38: Blindess by José
Saramago
Week 39: The Fortress of Solitude
by Jonathan Lethem
Week 40: The Magicians by Lev
Grossman
Week 41: Suddenly, A Knock at the
Door by Etgar Keret
Week 42: Cloudstreet by Tim Winton
Week 43: The Obscene Bird of
NIght by José Donoso
Week 44: The Fifty Year Sword by
Mark Z. Danielewski
Week 45: Gulliver's Travels by
Jonathan Swift
Week 46: Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling
Week 47: The End of the Affair by
Graham Greene
Week 48: The Chronicles of Narnia
by C.S. Lewis
Week 49: Hieroglyphic Tales by
Horace Walpole
Week 50: The View from the
Seventh Layer by Kevin Brockmeier
Week 51: Gods Without Men by
Hari Kunzru
Week 52: At Swim-Two-Birds by
Flann O'Brien
Follow Ted Gioia on Twitter at
www.twitter.com/tedgioia
Conceptual Fiction:
A Reading List
(with links to reviews)
Home Page
Abbott, Edwin A.
Flatland
Adams, Douglas
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Allende, Isabel
The House of the Spirits
Amado, Jorge
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands
Amis, Martin
Time's Arrow
Apuleius
The Golden Ass
Asimov, Isaac
The Foundation Trilogy
Asimov, Isaac
I, Robot
Atwood, Margaret
The Handmaid's Tale
Banks, Iain M.
The State of the Art
Ballard, J.G.
The Atrocity Exhibition
Ballard, J.G.
Crash
Ballard, J.G.
The Crystal World
Bester, Alfred
The Demolished Man
Borges, Jorge Luis
Ficciones
Bradbury, Ray
Dandelion Wine
Bradbury, Ray
Fahrenheit 451
Bradbury, Ray
The Illustrated Man
Bradbury, Ray
The Martian Chronicles
Bradbury, Ray
Something Wicked This Way Comes
Brockmeier, Kevin
The View from the Seventh Layer
Bulgakov, Mikhail
The Master and Margarita
Burgess, Anthony
A Clockwork Orange
Card, Orson Scott
Ender's Game
Carpentier, Alejo
The Kingdom of This World
Carroll, Lewis
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Chabon, Michael
The Yiddish Policemen's Union
Chiang, Ted
Stories of Your Life and Others
Clarke, Arthur C.
Childhood's End
Clarke, Arthur C.
A Fall of Moondust
Clarke, Arthur C.
2001: A Space Odyssey
Clarke, Susanna
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell
Crowley, John
Little, Big
Danielewski, Mark Z.
The Fifty Year Sword
Danielewski, Mark Z.
House of Leaves
Davies, Robertson
Fifth Business
Delany, Samuel R.
Babel-17
Delany, Samuel R.
Dhalgren
Delany, Samuel R.
The Einstein Intersection
Dick, Philip K.
Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said
Dick, Philip K.
The Man in the High Castle
Dick, Philip K.
Ubik
Dick, Philip K.
VALIS
Doctorow, Cory
Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom
Donoso, José
The Obscene Bird of Night
Ellison, Harlan
I Have No Mouth & I Must Scream
Esquivel, Laura
Like Water for Chocolate
Fuentes, Carlos
Aura
Gaiman, Neil
American Gods
Gaiman, Neil
Neverwhere
Gibson, William
Burning Chrome
Gibson, William
Neuromancer
Grass, Günter
The Tin Drum
Greene, Graham
The End of the Affair
Grossman, Lev
The Magicians
Haldeman, Joe
The Forever War
Hall, Steven
The Raw Shark Texts
Harrison, M. John
Light
Heinlein, Robert
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress
Heinlein, Robert:
Stranger in a Strange Land
Heinlein, Robert
Time Enough for Love
Helprin, Mark
Winter's Tale
Herbert, Frank
Dune
Hoffman, Alice
Practical Magic
Huxley, Aldous
Brave New World
Keret, Etgar
Suddenly, A Knock at the Door
Kundera, Milan
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
Kunzru, Hari
Gods Without Men
Le Guin, Ursula K.
The Lathe of Heaven
Le Guin, Ursula K.
The Left Hand of Darkness
Leiber, Fritz
The Big Time
Leiber, Fritz
Conjure Wife
Leiber, Fritz
Swords & Deviltry
Leiber, Fritz
The Wanderer
Lem, Stanislaw
His Master's Voice
Lem, Stanislaw
Solaris
Lethem, Jonathan
The Fortress of Solitude
Lewis, C. S.
The Chronicles of Narnia
Link, Kelly
Magic for Beginners
Mann, Thomas
Doctor Faustus
Márquez, Gabriel García
100 Years of Solitude
Markson, David
Wittgenstein's Mistress
Matheson, Richard
Hell House
Matheson, Richard
What Dreams May Come
McCarthy, Cormac
The Road
Miéville, China
Perdido Street Station
Miller, Jr., Walter M.
A Canticle for Leibowitz
Millhauser, Steven
Dangerous Laughter
Mitchell, David
Cloud Atlas
Morrison, Toni
Beloved
Murakami, Haruki
1Q84
Murakami, Haruki
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the
End of the World
Niffenegger, Audrey
The Time Traveler's Wife
Niven, Larry
Ringworld
Noon, Jeff
Vurt
Obreht, Téa
The Tiger's Wife
O'Brien, Flann
At Swim-Two-Birds
Okri, Ben
The Famished Road
Pohl, Frederik
Gateway
Pratchett, Terry
The Color of Magic
Pynchon, Thomas
Gravity's Rainbow
Rabelais, François
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Robinson, Kim Stanley
Red Mars
Rowling, J.K.
Harry Potter & the Sorcerer's Stone
Rushdie, Salman
Midnight's Children
Saramago, José
Blindness
Shelley, Mary
Frankenstein
Silverberg, Robert
Dying Inside
Silverberg, Robert
Nightwings
Simak, Clifford
City
Simak, Clifford
The Trouble with Tycho
Smith, Cordwainer
Norstrilia
Smith, Cordwainer
The Rediscovery of Man
Stephenson, Neal
Snow Crash
Stross, Charles
Glasshouse
Sturgeon, Theodore
More Than Human
Sturgeon, Theodore
Some of Your Blood
Swift, Jonathan
Gulliver's Travels
Thomas, D.M.
The White Hotel
Tolkien, J.R.R.
The Hobbit
Updike, John
The Witches of Eastwick
Van Vogt, A.E.
The Mixed Men
Van Vogt, A.E.
Slan
Van Vogt, A.E.
The Voyage of the Space Beagle
Van Vogt, A.E.
The World of Null A
Verne, Jules
Around the Moon
Verne, Jules
From the Earth to the Moon
Verne, Jules:
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Vonnegut, Kurt
Cat's Cradle
Vonnegut, Kurt
The Sirens of Titan
Vonnegut, Kurt
Slaughterhouse-Five
Wallace, David Foster
Infinite Jest
Walpole, Horace
Hieroglyphic Tales
Wells, H.G.
The First Men in the Moon
Wells, H.G.
The Island of Dr. Moreau
Wells, H.G.
The Time Machine
Winton, Tim
Cloudstreet
Woolf, Virginia
Orlando
Zabor, Rafi
The Bear Comes Home
Zelazny, Roger
Lord of Light
Special Features
Notes on Conceptual Fiction
Ray Bradbury: A Tribute
The Year of Magical Reading
Remembering Fritz Leiber
A Tribute to Richard Matheson
Samuel Delany's 70th birthday
The Sci-Fi of Kurt Vonnegut
Curse You, Neil Armstrong!
Robert Heinlein at 100
A.E, van Vogt Tribute
Links to related sites
The New Canon
Great Books Guide
Postmodern Mystery
Fractious Fiction
Ted Gioia's web site
Ted Gioia on Twitter
SF Site
io9
Graeme's Fantasy Book Review
Los Angeles Review of Books
The Millions
Big Dumb Object
Jospeh Peschel
The Misread City
Reviews and Responses
SF Signal
True Science Fiction
Disclosure: Conceptual Fiction and
its sister sites may receive review
copies and promotional materials
from publishers, authors, publicists
or other parties.